Процесс принятия внешнеполитических решений: Деятельность СНБ в период администрации Дж Буша

стран, некоторые международные рычаги и, конечно, военные интервенции на территории суверенных государств, хотя конфликты можно было решить и мирными средствами. Проведя военную интервенцию в Панаме, США начали восстанавливать экономику этой страны, поставив её в экономическую и, следовательно, политическую зависимость. Эта же участь была уготовлена и Ираку, но война так и продолжается там до сих пор. Такими действиями США стремились занять лидирующую роль в решении международных конфликтов. СНБ также очень эффективно вёл себя во время таких событий как объединение Германии и распад СССР. В целом работу штата СНБ можно оценить как эффективную.

Литература 1. Simpson C. National security directives directives of the Reagan and Bush administrations: the declassified history of the US political and military policy, 1981-1991. Boulder: Westview Press, 1995. 2. Колобов О.А., Корнилов Ф.Ф., Макарычев А.С., Сергунин А.А. Процесс принятия внешнеполитических решений: исторический опыт США, государства Израиль и стран Западной Европы. Н.Новгород:ННГУ, 1992. 3. Конышев В.Н. Принятие решений о военных интервенциях: отношения президента и конгресса США (1982-1991гг.) СПб.: ВИРД,-1999. 5. Директивы СНБ//http://www.fas.org/nsc/directives/index.html 6. Директивы СНБ // http://www.bush.nara.gov 7. History of the National Security Council, 1947-1997. // http://www.whitehouse.gov/WH/EOP/NSC/html/NSChistory.html 8. Richard Lugar “Shameful Partisan Posturing,” Washington Post, July 20, 1992. 9. Bernard Weinraub, “Bush Backs Plan to Enhance Role of Security Staff,” New York Times, February 26, 1989. 10. Elane Sciolino, “Pakistan Keeping Afghan Aid Role,” New York Times, February 26, 1989. 11. Richard Lugar “Shameful Partisan Posturing,” Washington Post, July 20, 1992.

Приложения Приложение 1

Приложение 2 Директивы СНБ администрации Дж. Буша NATIONAL SECURITY DIRECTIVES (NSDs)

Notes ** indicates the document has not been reviewed for release or release was denied in full. * indicates document has been declassified and released in part. no * indicates the document has been declassified and released in full.

NSD 1 01/30/1989 Organization of the National Security Council System (6 pages including supplement) NSD 2 01/30/1989 Disposition of National Security Decision Directives (1 page) NSD 3 ** 02/13/1989 U.S. Policy Toward Afghanistan NSD 4 ** 02/22/1989 U.S. Policy Toward 7 May 1989 Elections in Panama NSD 5 03/18/1989 Legislation to Authorize the Transfer of Funds to the Agency for International Development (AID) for Humanitarian Assistance to Afghanistan (1 page) NSD 6 03/22/1989 Security for U.S Government Personnel in Panama (1 page) NSD 7 ** 04/12/1989 Nuclear Weapons Deployment Authorization for FY 1989 and FY 1990 NSD 8 05/01/1989 U.S. Policy Toward Nicaragua and Nicaraguan Resistance (4 pages) NSD 8a** 05/11/1989 Sensitive Annex to NSD 8 re: U.S. Policy Toward Nicaragua and Nicaraguan Resistance NSD 9 05/08/1989 Actions to Respond to Polish Roundtable Agreement (2 pages) NSD 10 05/07/1989 Creation of New Policy Coordinating Committees (3 pages) NSD 11** Classified Title NSD 12 06/06/1989 Lifting the No-Exceptions Policy (1 page) NSD 13 06/07/1989 Cocaine Trafficking (2 pages) NSD 13a** Classified Title NSD 14** 06/14/1989 ICBM Modernization and Strategic Defense Initiative NSD 15** 06/22/1989 Open Skies NSD 16** 07/08/1989 Middle East Peace Process NSD 17** 07/22/1989 U.S. Actions in Panama NSD 18* 08/21/1989 International Counternarcotics Strategy NSD 18a** 08/23/1989 Annex to NSD 18 Regarding International Counternarcotics Strategy NSD 19** 08/24/1989 U.S. Policy Toward Libya NSD 19a ** Classified Title NSD 20** 08/29/1989 U.S. Policy Toward South Asia NSD 21 09/01/1989 U.S. Policy Towards Panama Under Noriega after 1 September 1989 (2 pages) NSD 22* 09/20/1989 U.S. Policy on Nuclear Testing and Arms Control (2 pages) NSD 23 09/22/1989 U.S. Relations with the Soviet Union (7 pages) NSD 24 09/26/1989 Chemical Weapons Arms Control Initiative (4 pages) NSD 25 09/11/1989 U.S. Policy Toward February 1990 Nicaraguan Election (1 page) NSD 25a** Classified Title NSD 26* 10/02/1989 U.S. Policy Toward the Persian Gulf (3 pages) NSD 27* 10/02/1989 Soviet Emigration Policy (3 pages) NSD 28 10/05/1989 National Security Directive on Sealift (3 pages) NSD 29 10/30/1989 FY 1990 Aqueduct Nuclear Test Program (2 pages) NSD 30* 11/02/1989 National Space Policy (National Space Policy Directive 1) (19 pages) NSD 30a** 11/02/1989 Annex to NSD 30 and National Space Policy Directive 1 NSD 31** 11/14/1989 Change to FY 1989 and FY 1990 Nuclear Weapons Deployment Plan NSD 32 11/30/1989 Economic Sanctions Against Panama (1 page) NSD 33 01/24/1990 U.S. Policy toward Panama: Post-Noriega (3 pages) NSD 34 01/24/1990 Partnership with Panama: Action Plan to Foster Economic Recovery (4 pages) NSD 35 01/24/1990 U.S.-Soviet Economic Initiatives (2 pages) NSD 36** 02/06/1990 United States Arms Control Policy NSD 37** 04/18/1990 Enduring Constitutional Government NSD 38** 05/01/1990 Nuclear Weapons Deployment Authorization for FY 1990 and FY 1991 NSD 39** 05/01/1990 COCOM Policy Towards Eastern Europe and Soviet Union NSD 40* 05/14/1990 Decisions on START Issues (5 pages) NSD 41 05/29/1990 Organizing to Manage On-Site Inspection for Arms Control (2 pages) NSD 42* 07/05/1990 National policy for the Security of National Security Telecommunications and Information Systems (14 pages) NSD 43* 07/12/1990 FY 1990- FY 1995 Nuclear Weapons Stockpile Plan (6 pages) NSD 44* 07/18/1990 Organizing to Manage On-Site Verification of Nuclear testing (5 pages) NSD 45 08/20/1990 U.S. Policy in Response to the Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait (5 pages) NSD 46 09/07/1990 Cape York (2 pages) NSD 47* 10/05/1990 Counterintelligence and Security Countermeasures (5 pages) NSD 48* 10/10/1990 Nuclear Weapons Deployment Authorization for FY 1990 and FY 1991 (4 pages) NSD 49* 10/12/1990 Freedom of Navigation Program (6 pages) NSD 50* 10/12/1990 Decisions on START and CFE Issues (4 pages) NSD 51 10/17/1990 U.S. Government International Broadcasting (4 pages) NSD 52* 10/22/1990 FY 1991 Sculpin Nuclear Test Program (11 pages) NSD 53 12/10/1990 Interagency Review and Disposition of Export Control Licenses Issued by Department of Commerce (4 pages) NSD 54 01/15/1991 Responding to Iraqi Aggression in the Gulf (3 pages) NSD 55* 03/26/1991 Change 1 to NSD 48 - Nuclear Weapons Deployment Authorization for FY 1990 and FY 1991 (1 page) NSD 56 04/30/1991 National Security Emergency Preparedness Telecommunications Funding (2 pages) NSD 57 05/07/1991 U.S. Port Security Program (9 pages) NSD 58 05/10/1991 Chemical Weapons Convention Initiative (3 pages) NSD 59* 05/14/1991 Disposition of Reagan Administration Policy Papers (8 pages) NSD 60 05/30/1991 FY 1992 nuclear test Program: Julin (2 pages) NSD 61** 07/02/1991 FY 1991 - FY